Elsa Lowry, nee Garrett (1914-1991)

Miss Elsa Garrett, Katoomba Daily (NSW : 1920 - 1939), Friday 2 March 1934, page 2

Elsa Ernestine Lilias Garrett was born in Waverley in 1914, the daughter of Ernest Gordon Garrett (1890-1959) and Lillian, nee Penrose (1888-1965).

In the 1920s the family moved to the Blue Mountains where Ernest took up a position as accountant and company secretary at the Katoomba - Leura gas works. Ernest spent all his leisure time, fishing rod in hand, on the local streams and at meetings of the Blue Mountains Rod Fishers Society, which was actively involved in local trout stocking programs. In 1939 Ernest and his future son-in-law William Lowry were elected office holders in the Katoomba and the Blackheath branches of the Central Tablelands Acclimatisation Society.

Encouraged by her father’s angling interests, Elsa began tying fishing flies at an early age and later made contact with the American novelist and fishing writer, Zane Grey. After leaving Katoomba High School at the Intermediate level (year 10 equivalent), she established her own fly tying business at 172 Katoomba Street where she employed up to five staff.

When Elsa married William Lowry, engineering draughtsman in the RAAF, in April 1942 in Katoomba, their address was the Garrett family home ‘Murango’ in well-to-do Lilianfels Avenue at Echo Point, which Gordon had purchased in 1940. Gordon died there aged 59 in September 1950, his funeral was held at the Katoomba Presbyterian church which many members of the local Masonic Lodge and Rotary Club attended.

William Rowan Lowry was born in May 1905 in Belfast, Norther Ireland; he qualified as an architectural draughtsman and immigrated to Australia in 1926, in the early 1930s was living with his parents in the Sydney harbour-side suburb of Northbridge, from 1934-37 he was living in Blackheath and listed in the electoral roll as tennis court leasee, in 1943 he was staying at Tattersall’s Hotel in Parkes where he was working as a draughtsman. During the war years interest in tennis declined and two of the Blackheath courts were converted into a bowling green, this may have been the reason for William taking whatever work he could get while leaving Elsa at her parents’ home. William enlisted in the Army while in Parkes and served as a private in 27 Battalion Volunteer Defence Corps.

At the end of the War the couple moved to Glen Innes where William worked as a draughtsman and Elsa tied trout flies commercially under her married name; and where the New England trout fishing enjoyed a high reputation. William died in August 1979 and is buried with his wife in Glen Innes cemetery. Elsa died in January 1991, her entomology and trout fly collections are now held in the local historical society museum.

Brown trout were first imported from Tasmania and liberated in the Coxs River in the 1870s. Trout fishing was becoming popular in the Blue Mountains as early as the 1880s and by the 1920s the Blue Mountains branch of the Central Tablelands Acclimatisation Society had been established to stock local streams, fishing was actively promoted in tourist guides and a hatchery was developed near Oberon, which supplied rainbow and brown trout stock for release into local streams.


Sources: Ancestry.library.com, Trove.nla.gov.au , Blackheath Today from Yesterday 2005, other sources shown below.

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A number of stories about Elsa appeared in the newspapers of the time.
The Katoomba Daily 21 Jan 1936 records:

"Zane Grey's Thanks

Letter to Miss Elsa Garrett.

It was a thoughtful action on the part of Miss Elsa Garrett, of Katoomba, to send a parcel of trout flies, of her own manufacture, to Mr Zane Grey, the famous American author and sportsman, and she was delighted to receive the following letter:

Zane Grey Camp, Bermagui, NSW.

Anyone who sends me trout flies wins my regard; and when the person is a girl - well then it is simply splendid. Your flies are lovely, well made and pretty. I shall treasure them for the wonderful Nato streams in Tahiti and for the famed Oregon streams. Nato are the most difficult fish to raise and catch.

Thank you a thousand times.
Zane Grey.

Enclosed with the letter was an autographed photo. We learn from Mr E G Garrett that there is the possibility of Mr Grey visiting Katoomba to inspect the streams in the district."

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Katoomba Girl's Enterprise (1934, March 1). The Katoomba Daily (NSW : 1920 - 1939), p. 1.
Some of of Elsa’s trout flies , they appear to include traditional English  patterns such as Mallard and Claret, Hare and Copper, Greenwell’s Glory and others that astute readers may care to hazard a guess in comments

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“Trout Fishing
New Mountains Attraction

STOCKING THE STREAMS.

Mr. E. Gordon Garrett submitted a matter at the last meeting of the K. and L. Chamber of Commerce which is worthy of consideration and should be followed up. Briefly, his idea is to further popularise the Mountains by affording facilities for fishing, especially when associated with trout.

That angling would be a powerful attraction to the Mountains there is no doubt, confirmation of which is afforded by the experiences of other resorts. In fact, Mr. Garrett illustrated this by recounting details of a recent visit to Duckmaloi, where he found crowds of the devotees of rod, line and fly engrossed in the fascination of whipping the stream for its speckled denizens. Many of these anglers were Mountaineers and doubtless visitors, besides enthusiasts from the Lithgow district.

There are Mountain streams with their rapids and pools, that should furnish ideal resorts for trout. Only recently, a party cross-countried to the gorge of the Grose, and proved beyond doubt the existence of rainbow trout in surprising quantity. Fry had been liberated some years ago in the more accessible reaches, where trout fishing is a favorite pastime with those in the know. Mr. Garrett suggested that in still water, such as Lake Medlow and the storage dam at Katoomba, perch ova or fry should be introduced. Those waters would be more suitable to perch than trout which love the running streams.

As a result of the discussion, the assistance of the Fisheries Department is to be sought, and information obtained therefrom will form the subject of consideration which may very possibly result in definite action being taken towards stocking our waters. The question of drawing up regulations and enforcing them will also have to be discussed.”

Trout Fishing. (1922, March 24). The Blue Mountain Echo (NSW : 1909 - 1928), p. 7. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108233135

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“AN UNUSUAL OCCUPATION.
Childish Pastime Develops into Profession. 

GIRL ANGLER MAKES TROUT FLIES.


There is at any rate, one girl in New South Wales who takes off her hat to the depression, "But for it, " she says, "I might now be sitting before a typewriter in a stuffy office, instead of which..."

The pause conjures up not only a vision of Miss Elsa Garrett's studio, its walls lined with case upon case of the exquisite trout and salmon flies that her clever fingers have fashioned but of adventure - of cool waters singing musically over smooth pebbles, reflections of sweeping green willows and casuarinas, the indigenous river oaks inseparably associated with Australian trout lore and lastly the lure of trout fishing. For this little angler explains: 'If your business in life is the making of trout flies, then you must know a good deal about trout fishing."

First-hand knowledge is essential, and how satisfactory it must be to feel that part of your business is to step into a car, replete with all the most modern comforts for camping out, to wind through the ever lovely Blue Mountain roads (for she lives in Katoomba) until you find your- self on the banks of a trout stream. How enviable to feel that part of the day's work includes wading out into the alluring water with rod and line, or even to lie lazily on the bank observing the insects that flit to and fro over the water. The trout is something of an epicure and varies his diet with the seasons of the year, and it is highly important to observe which fly for the moment is considered the chief delicacy in the fish 'salle a manger'.

From her earliest childhood, before she could include the word in her vocabulary, little Elsa Garret was an entomologist. She fished along the banks with a butterfly net while her father waded out into midstream. Her little haul of butterflies, grasshoppers and moths was taken home and carefully classified and preserved for future reference. From this, a mere childish hobby, the little girl learned to observe the structure of almost every water-loving insect in New South Wales. It is from this store of knowledge that she is able to develop the making of imitations which are attracting the attention of anglers from all over the world.

Unless one knows something of the art required to fashion a trout fly it is almost impossible to appreciate the skill and delicacy of the work. For instance I had actually to take one fly in my hand to convince myself that it was not a genuine butterfly, but one constructed from fur and feather.

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FINE FEATHERS FROM FINE BIRDS

Mohair, tinsel, fine shreds of rubber, feather and fur from all over the world are required in the making of fishing tackle and I am shown the ruff and crest of a jungle cock from India and the golden pheasant from China, the metallic neck feathers of the Burmese peacock, the South American blue chatterer, the Canadian wood duck and the Egyptian goose and a host of others. All of these must be imported from their particular quarter of the globe. An obvious question flies to my lips, "Why are the feathers of our own brilliant birds not used?" The answer is that for some reason they lack the durability essential to the fist-class "fly." "And I am very thankful," says this girl who loves all the bush creatures, "I would rather protect than slay our own native birds."'

Miss Garrett's flies are put on the market under a trade name and many of her own most exacting customers do not realise that the "tying" of which they write so approvingly has been done by a girl. Indeed, one overseas firm which has bought her flies and used them as models advertises the fact that the tackle is all made by men, because they consider that a woman's fingers are not strong enough to make a really satisfactory fly. Yet they write (addressing her as Mr. Garrett) and mention this very characteristic as distinctive of her work.

But with the genius which this artist undoubtedly possesses there is included that, "infinite capacity for taking pains," She is her father' s pupil, and in 1928 he won the first prize given by the president of the Rod Fishers Society of New South Wales, the late Howard Joseland. The Judge was Dr. Spiller Blandon, who is now president.

Master and pupil are now friendly rivals, and perfection is the only objective that they recognise. Such skill judgment, and faculty of true colour perception are needed that no machine can ever be constructed to rival the human mechanism, and one firm states un- hesitatingly that it takes twelve years to become an expert tyer.

But in spite of the fact that Elsa Garrett has so successfully invaded this corner of man's domain, she cannot claim to be the first woman to do so. We all know the name of Izaak Walton, but amongst anglers the name of Dame Juliana Berners is held in equal respect. Her book, "Treatyse of Fysshinge With An Angle," was written in 1490, and gives very good instructions in the making of these "counterfeit presentments," or, as a contemporary writer calls them, "fraudful flies." This fifteenth century lady was evidently a very good sport, for she gives this very ethical advice: "Ye shall not be too ravenous in takynge your sayd game as too moche at a time, to lightly destroy your own desports and the desports of other menne also."

While on the subject of dames let me add that Elsa Garrett is a great-granddaughter of the celebrated Dame Durden, of whom the old ballad tells:

Dame Durden kept five milking maids
To carry the milking-pail,
She also kept five serving men
To use the spade and flail.
Dame Durden in the morn so soon
She did begin to call,
To rouse her servants, maids, and men, 

She then began to bawl. . .But the ballad sorely misrepresents this admirable old lady. The truth is that, finding herself a widow, with a large estate and a lazy staff of servants, who evidently thought to impose upon their mistress, she set to work to take things in a firm hand. In those days the very thought of a woman managing her own estate was enough to set the county a-talking, and evidently her equals, as well as the lazy wenches, were ready to laugh at the old lady.

Elsa Garrett is a modest young lady. Her success is swept cheerfully to one side and referred to merely as luck. She has nothing to say of the natural aptitude, the concentration, and steady perseverance which have combined to make her a success at her chosen profession.-N. Lowe.”

AN UNUSUAL OCCUPATION. (1935, March 28). The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954), p. 17 Supplement: Women's Supplement. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17159011

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A FINE ART

Baits For Big Trout Is
Girls' Industry

Would you woo that most elusive of all elusive fish-the trout? Then banish from your mind all thought of worms, end such mundane enticements, and meditate appreciatively on that most perfect of all deceptions, a fly, "dry'" or "wet."

With golden feathers plucked from the heads of pheasants from China, satiny down on the Blue Chatterer of South America, hackle won from the glory of peacocks' tails, varicoloured plumage from the Indian jungle cock, finest silk and soft seal's fur, a bright eyed young Australian girl, Miss Elsa Garrett, of Katoomba, is building an industry in their manufacture, says the "Sydney Sun."

Thousands of them each year, everyone on the end of its gut cast, like a captive wild thing, pass from her studio to the trout streams.

Anglers, most expert, have pronounced them excellent for beguiling wary fish. For what trout, unless he paused to listen, would suspect a mosquito, which will do all but buzz, of harbouring a hook?

"I was 16 when I first began to tie flies," said Miss Garrett, herself a practical angler. I was studying entomology, and I think the secret of my success is that I tried to copy nature. I employ two permanent assistants now, and three others when there is a rush.''

Figures show the growth in popularity of trout fishing, and the greater care that is being taken to spare the feelings of the trout, by fishing him as a "gentleman." In 1931, Miss Garrett tied 1300 flies, in 1932 17,000, last year 33,000, and she has hopes of reaching 50,000 this year.

Immense pains must be taken if the really undetectable deception is to he produced. Accordingly, having critical eyes to please, Miss Garrett works "from life."

A FINE ART. (1934, April 4). Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. : 1878 - 1954), p. 4. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54757917

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“Messrs. Gordon Garrett, Charles Foster and Sid Foote, of Katoomba (N.S.W.) fishing in the Little River and the Isabella, averaged 30 trout a day. They ranged up to 12lbs, and bigger fish were seen.”

With the Anglers. (1932, November 23). Referee (Sydney, NSW : 1886 - 1939), p. 20. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135334844

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See also the report, WR Lowry (Blackheath) and G Garrett (Katoomba) were elected office holders.

ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY. (1939, June 23). National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW : 1889 - 1954), p. 3. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160557705

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TROUT FISHING KATOOMBA
FLYS CATCH RECORD FISH.

Miss Elsa. Garrett, of Katoomba, has received, the very gratifying advise that three champion fish were landed on flies manufactured by her, last season. Mr. Lind, of Lithgow, caught a 5 ¼ lb. brownie. The large 7½ lb. trout caught at Burrinjuck, and also the 8 ½ lb. trout captured by Mr. Kilgour, at Tamworth (the photo, of which was recently published in the "S.M. Herald") were all induced to accept trout flies manufactured in Katoomba.

A very fine exhibit of these products was recently shown in the Government Tourist Bureau display windows, Sydney, and attracted all city anglers. Many local anglers were to be found on the trout streams during our Eight-hour holiday week-end. Some fine catches have been reported. Ted Duff and party got among the rainbows near Porter's Retreat, the best fish being caught by Ted — it weighed 31b. 2oz. — a beautiful rainbow.

E. G. Garrett and C. Foster spent the week-end on the Abercrombie River, and brought home a bag of 20 rainbows, to tickle their friends' palates. . They caught the legal limit - — 10 fish — each day, the average Weight being 1¼ lb. — all taken on the Cocky-bond-hu pattern fly.

DUCKMALOI.

The following appeared in a recent issue of "Angling and Gun Sport," concerning the Duckmaloi River: — Within three hours by car from Sydney will bring you to some of the finest dry fly water in New South Wales. The route takes the angler through beautiful mountain scenery provided by the Great Dividing Range, and the rainbow and brown trout in the Duckmaloi fish rivers will supply all the sport necessary to put the finishing touch to a wonderful holiday. The closeness of the grounds to Sydney makes it possible to return home and at dinner discuss the events of the trip, while enjoying the succulent dishes provided by the "bag".

How to Get There by Car.

The best route for the motorist Is to take the Great Western Road as far as Hartley, the Jenolan Caves Road to Hampton. Shortly after leaving Hampton, the Oberon Road Is seen on the' right, and this is followed for seven or eight miles from the Caves Road turn-off until it crosses the Duckmaloi; some four miles further on the Fish River is crossed.

Flies.

The writer, being firmly of the opinion that it is the angler, and not the fly, that succeeds, refrains from advising the use of any special fly, but reminds the visitor that any trout eats a hundred small flies to one large, and that it is easier to lay a small fly on the water, to appear natural, than it is to lay a large one. One of the early mistakes made by every person, almost without -exception/ Is the belief that the bigger the bait' the bigger the fish.

Advice to Visitors.

Farmers on these rivers have been tormented so much of late years by trespassers, that they have been obliged to erect "no trespassing" signs. It is therefore advisable to seek permission of the owner before entering on to any land. When permission is granted, respect his property, fish by legal methods, fish always upstream, smoke the best brand of cigarettes, pay your debts and forgive the biggest fish that always has and always will get away, and there should be no reason why the creek should not be well-lined with trout on the return trip home.

Early Season.

Both rivers are well stocked with rainbow and brown trout. The coming season Is particularly encouraging, from the angler's point of view, a6 an exceptionally early spring' has 'produced ,s insects a month earlier than' Usual. The trout are up surface feeding, and' the fish will be in fine fettle for the opening on October 1.

"TROUT FISHING" The Katoomba Daily (NSW : 1920 - 1939) 12 November 1935: 3. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193890576

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KATOOMBA GIRL'S ENTERPRISE
DECEIVING NATURE ARTISTICALLY
500 VARIETIES OF TROUT "FLIES."

That Katoomba should possess an artist and manufacturer of an entirely singular nature is something of which we should be justly proud. Miss Elsa Garrett, well-known Katoomba girl, who is the only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Garrett, of Katoomba Street, has proved herself capable of competing with nature in the manufacture of trout "flies" at her Katoomba studio.

By studying nature from an entomologist's eyes Miss Garrett was able to derive the greatest possibilities from her industry of making trout "flies" with which to entice the elusive fish from its silvery stream. These "flies" so carefully made, are now becoming so popular that Miss Garrett is now making 33,000 a year, which will probably be greatly increased as the demand grows.

Feathers of rare birds of China, South America, India, finest silk and soft seal's fur are imported £r this industry, for which Miss Garrett employs two permanent assistants, and three others during rush periods. The youthful artist hopes to reach the 50,000 mark this year, for the annual manufacture of the "flies," which reveals the growth in popularity of trout fishing.

The fact that each "fly" must be made by hand illustrates the great care and attention to detail that' must be observed in tying these very natural-looking articles, which have taken the place of the worm for enticing the trout from its secluded spots. A visit to the trout "fly" studio in Katoomba Street will reveal a very colourful scene. A profusion of multi-coloured feathers, silk down, and scraps of every kind: -an. woven together by artistic fingers, to build up no less than 500 varieties - of ants, flies, mosquitoes. dragon flies or crickets, which have been proved the perfect imitation of the original insect; and the poor old trout responds whole-heartedly to the deception.

Although this Katoomba girl has provided one of the most useful and popular articles by her enterprise and study, there are plenty of difficulties to be overcome — as in most beneficial industries. Customs duties have been a worry from the outset because the materials must be imported from the four corners of the globe.

It is a remarkable thing that some business houses are still biased in favour of English "flies," although the Australian "fly" is more durable and more brilliant — and it is this prejudice that Miss Garrett finds is the greatest difficulty. But she is sure that there is a great future before the manufacture oi trout "flies," and she has made others suitable for the salmon of New Zealand, although there again, duties constitute a difficulty.

It is an industry, too, in which she has no fear of machinery. Every "fly" must be arranged by hands, and produced with a care that is loving. We anticipate the time when Katoomba will he the centre of attraction for anglers, who have tested the "flies" manufactured in Katoomba — and when there will he trout streams in the district for the furtherance of local industry.

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Elsa's also wrote poetic prose pieces:

  

WINGS OF THE MORNING

The last day of the year was fast departing forever. Away into the foothills stretched a vast expanse of sunset waters, flaming redly against the darkening hills, then gradually the velvet feet of darkness came softly creeping, the light faded. and over the deep, shadowed waters spread a mystic veil of purple shadows. Wind played on magic pipes through the tossing boughs of the trees, then fled with soft footsteps up the hill, to play with the shadows. The lonely night slumbered on, in the silvery starlight till midnight struck, and the old year passed away forever into the temple of time, leaving only memories behind it. A new year, came over the hills triumphantly, on the wings of the morning. Thoughts and dreams float out on shining wings to a future of golden promise and dawning hopes. — ELSA GARRETT.

"WINGS OF THE MORNING" Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW : 1895 - 1930) 13 February 1927: 2 (PRANKS THE CHILDREN'S NEWSPAPER). Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article128523890 .

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It is the worm's turn to laugh, now that Miss Elsa Garrett, of Katoomba Street, has turned the attention of the trout fishing world to the fact that this elusive and much sought fish responds more readily to the enticements of the "fly" rather than the mundane worm. Miss Garrett has decided (and she is herself a practical angler) that the trout must be fished as a "gentleman." She therefore pursued all possible study of entomology which enables her to copy nature in its insect form, for her profession of manufacturing trout "flies." The 500 varieties which Miss Garrett manufactures at Katoomba have proved more than popular with anglers. "For what trout, unless he paused to listen, would suspect a mosquito or fly which will do all but buzz, of harbouring a hook," states the "Sun" in complimenting this youthful manufacturer on her enterprise. '

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TROUT FISHING
ENTHUSIASM
BLUE MOUNTAIN ROD FISHERS' SOCIETY

Sports may come and go, but angling has throughout the centuries held a fascination, an irresistible appeal, to every class of manhood. The meeting of the Blue Mountain Rod Fishers' held at the Katoomba School of Arts on Tuesday' last, was evidence that the dormant flame only needs slight fanning for it to burst, forth into active enthusiasm. Especially is this so with the devotees of the ancient sport of beguiling the wily trout. About thirty members attended the meeting and it was observed that all classes were well represented, which only proves that the greeting, "What Luck?" is a password with the brotherhood throughout the world. The chairman, Mr. E. Gordon Garrett, opened the meeting with an address, which outlined the formation of the Society at Black-heath, and the purchase and liberation of 140 cans of brown trout in the Mountain streams during the past few weeks.

The activities of the Society up to date were also de tailed for the benefit of the new members present, so that they would be conversant with the objects of the Society. Casting instruction had been given, rules formulated, and general angling lore pertaining to trout fishing had been imparted to help initiate the tyro. General business included : Affiliation with the Rod Fishers' Society of N.S.W. Arrangements for com petitions. £1/1/- will be given from the funds for the best fish caught during the season on an artificial fly. Other prizes will also be donated, and arrangements for a fishing excursion to the Duckmaloi River are in the capable hands of Mr. Lane, of Blackheath, and will leave Blackheath on Saturday, Oct. 6, and return on the following day. Anglers wishing to join the party should give Mr. Lane a ring on the ' 'phone. Dr. Blessing addressed the meeting and stressed the necessity for members to observe one of the principal commandments of an angler: that is to be careful of fires, and at all times to respect the property of the owner who permits you to fish on his streams.

At the conclusion of the general business, Miss Elsa Garrett gave an interesting lecture on trout fishing tackle. The manufacture of silkworm gut for casts, casting lines, reels and rods was fully explained; also the main features that increased their respective efficiency. An imposing display of tackle and rods had been gathered by Miss Garrett from local anglers. The rods ranged from the humble machine-made split cane valued at a couple of pounds, to the hand-made aristo crat of the rod family which would cost, at the present time, in the vicinity of thirty pounds. In conclusion, the young lecturer dealt tersely with that "Stealthy deceiver who lures the poor little trout to his net," i.e., "the Nut at the end of the rod," whose principal aim should be to uphold with grace the title of an angler and a sport." Dr. A. Allan proposed a vote of thanks to Miss Elsa Garrett for her very . interesting, instructive and amusing lecture, which was carried with acclamation. The next meeting will be held at Blackheath in October, and those wishing to join up should give their names in to Mr Rowan Lowry, secretary, "Dundee," Blackheath.

"TROUT FISHING ENTHUSIASM" The Katoomba Daily (NSW : 1920 - 1939) 29 September 1934: 2. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193895426

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B.M. ROD FISHERS' SOCIETY

The general meeting of the Blue Mountain Rod Fishers' Society, held at the School of Arts last Thursday, was very well attended, about thirty anglers, from all centres of the Mountains, being present. Several new members were enrolled. After formal business was dispensed with, the president (Mr. E. Gordon Garrett) introduced Mr. A. J. Frazer, of the Inland Fisheries Department, who. gave a most interesting address on trout acclimatisation. Mr. Frazer, during the day, visited the Cox, Grose, and other streams in which the trout fry were recently liberated, and reported very favourably on the excellent prospects of stocking mountain streams with brown trout.

AN EXCELLENT ATTRACTION FOR TOURISTS.

Mr. Frazer outlined the acclimatisation methods that it was hoped -to adopt in the future. This scheme included the establishment of many hatcheries throughout the State, in which the trout would be reared to the yearling stage before liberation, instead of the present, method of placing the young fry in the streams a few weeks after they are hatched. These hatcheries, and, the appointment of district rangers to patrol the trout streams, will vastly improve fishing, conditions, and thereby attract a percentage of overseas visitors who annually visit New Zealand, Tasmania, and Victoria expressly for the trout fishing. New South Wales has been very lax in realising the importance, of providing attraction for the touring sportsmen from the overcrowded areas of England, America and the Continent. Trout fishing undoubtedly has the greatest appeal for these sportsmen, and the Blue Mountain streams are ideal for trout culture.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT APATHY.

Some years ago, efforts were made to acclimatise trout in Katoomba streams, by a couple of .local enthusiasts, but no assistance would be given by the Municipal Council, even for transport from the rail to the stream, of trout fry that was provided free. Private individuals, however, managed to liberate a few, and Minna-Ha-Ha Creek has attracted hundreds of anglers, in the hope of landing a speckled beauty; but experience has shown that the rainbow trout supplied by the Fisheries Department were not suitable for these waters; they certainly survived, and their progeny are there to-day; but had brown trout fry been liberated, there is little doubt that splendid fishing would be obtainable.

This year, mainly by the efforts of Mr. Rowan Lowry, of Blackheath, sufficient funds were raised to enable the purchase and liberation of 55,000 brown trout fry. Blackheath -Municipal Council contributed funds and assisted, in /transport of" the" fry to the streams. Other Mountain Local Government bodies assisted financially; but the greatest share of the cost, and all the' labour, was left to the enthusiastic anglers, who have formed the Rod Fishing Society, and who realise that someday the Blue Mountains will attract thousands of visitors for trout fishing. The next meeting of the society will be held at Blackheath, sometime in January, and Miss Elsa Garrett will give a lecture on the insects that form the principle food for trout, and display specimens of insects that inhabit the Blue Mountain trout streams. It is also hoped that Mr. T. C. Roughley, zoologist from the Sydney Museum, will give a lecture

"B.M. ROD FISHERS' SOCIETY" The Katoomba Daily (NSW : 1920 - 1939) 4 January 1935: 4. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193879967

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Orange Blossoms

A quiet and private wedding was solemnised on Saturday morning last at the Katoomba Presbyterian Church by Rev. Robert Millar between Elsa Garrett, talented daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Garrett of Katoomba, and Rowan Lowry of the R.A.A.F. Mrs. Lowry is widely known for her artistry in the making of trout flies, whilst her husband has been attached to the Main Roads Board as an engineer draughtsman. It is fitting that the happy couple should have selected for their honeymoon a tour of the southern trout streams.

Orange Blossoms (1942, April 24). The Blue Mountains Advertiser (Katoomba, NSW : 1940 - 1954), p. 1. Retrieved September 19, 2017, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189911028

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Other published prose, descriptive writing


"DAWN OF ENDEAVOR" The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 - 1954) 19 April 1931: 39. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224703036

"CALL OF THE WILD" The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 - 1954) 9 August 1931: 3 (SUPPLEMENT TO THE SUNBEAMS). Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224723047

"The Pride of a Nation" The Blue Mountains Times (Katoomba, NSW : 1931 - 1937) 24 March 1932: 4. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194855975

"Gold, the Seducer" The Blue Mountains Times (Katoomba, NSW : 1931 - 1937) 30 October 1931: 3. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194855714

"JUNIOR PRANKS' PLAYGROUND" Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW : 1895 - 1930) 14 November 1926: 3 (PRANKS The Children's Newspaper). Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article128120979

"YE WHO PASS." The Blue Mountains Times (Katoomba, NSW : 1931 - 1937) 20 November 1931: 4. Web. 13 Sep 2017 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194856548

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John Merriman
Local Studies Librarian

The mystery shaft in Somers Street, Lawson

Top of the shaft with protective grill, 2017 author photo

  The structure in question is an open vertical shaft, some seven metres deep by two metres in diameter, cut into the top of the sandstone cliff at the end of Somers Street, Lawson. A domed, iron grill protects the top; the bottom of the shaft is accessible via a narrow tunnel about 0.7 m in diameter and 1.6 m from the base of the cliff. It has been dug by hand, as the pick marks show in a series of concentric cuts, each about the depth of a pick blade, so it predates mechanical excavation methods. The land is located on portion 22, Parish of Lawson, comprising 50 acres taken up by Frederick Somers in the 1870s. Below the cliff is a large area of cleared, mostly level land with several small streams. Its local name is the ‘convict pit’, but was it a convict lock-up or something else?

No records of the shaft being used as a convict lockup or for storage of supplies or of it even existing have been located in the official reports of the colonial surveyors, police, superintendents of the iron-gangs, the journals of William Cox the road builder, Sir Thomas Mitchell the Surveyor General and supervising engineer on the Western Road, the account of Governor Macquarie’s journey over the new road in 1815 or any of the accounts of early 19^th Century travellers over the Blue Mountains to Bathurst (Mackaness 1965), not does it appear on the 1878 Parish of Linden survey (Dept. of Lands 1878).

Portion 22 Frederick Somers 1870, road reserve for Somers St
visible on eastern boundary, no evidence of shaft shown   

Historical records show the convicts who laboured on building William Cox’s 1815 road across the Blue Mountains were skilled workers and tradesman – masons, cobblers, smiths and carpenters, they welcomed the chance to earn a pardon, their ticket of leave or emancipation (Yeaman 1983). By the 1830s there were well established convict stockades at Springwood, Mt Victoria and Cox’s river. At Mt Victoria in addition to a tall stockade fence built from upright stakes to enclose the convicts, there were barracks for the soldiers, constables' huts, a cottage for the officers, a Commandant's house and a store house on this major site. So there was already an efficient stockade system in operation and troublesome men were punished by being put in leg irons and chains. The surviving contemporary accounts of life in these stockades emphasise the fact that the convict road gangs moved on as the road building progressed, and all wore distinctively marked convict clothing to discourage escaping (Karskens 1984).

Top view looking down shaft, author photo

Would the shaft have been an efficient way of holding convicts? The mean height of male convicts around 1820 was 168 cm - about 5 foot 5 inches (Nicholas 1988 p. 81). Even allowing for their smaller size, three or four men lying down would be a cosy fit and five or six standing in the narrow space would be pretty squishy but with more than five metres of waste space above them. The ‘convict hole’ is a myth, a piece of local folklore and the idea is untenable.

The shaft would also be impractical for the storage of supplies because of its narrow vertical nature; it is simply the wrong shape. There is a small, partially excavated earth and rock chamber at Bull’s Camp, also known popularly as the ‘convict hole’ which in fact was used by the road builders for storage of tools, equipment and explosives (Merriman 2014). 

Another suggestion has been that it was a kiln for producing lime for building or tanning and that the tunnel at the base was for air draft (Fox 2009). However there are no commercial deposits of limestone in the area, the nearest being at Wallerawang or Portland. The common feature of early calcining kilns was a wide, shallow egg-cup shaped burning chamber, with an air inlet at the base known as the "eye", all constructed of brick. This type of brick kiln occurs at Hill End and there is even a brick, shale processing kiln at Mt Victoria at the Asgard Swamp Mine (Higginbotham and Jack 1982). Heap and pit burning were used from the early days of settlement to produce lime from shell, and where simple shaft kilns were used they incorporated a separate brick firing chamber and ash boxes with brick or iron fire bars (Pearson 1990). None of this is in evidence at the Somers Street shaft and close inspection of the interior shows no evidence of intense heat such as soot accumulation, and spalling of the rock face. In fact, allowing for normal weathering, the internal pick marks are still fairly sharp and display the natural sandstone colouring. Nor is there any evidence of charcoal, ash, lime waste or limestone rubble in the vicinity, something to be expected if it had been a calcining kiln.   

Roasting kiln at Hill End, 2015 author photo

There are however a number of clues that reveal what may be the true nature of the shaft. It is adjacent to land on which a former dairy operated, and the 1985 study located the nearby remains of a dairy building, as well as rusty discarded milk churns, and recorded that traces of oat grain had been found inside the shaft at the base level. There are also surviving remnants of improved pasture in the cleared land below the shaft site, including subterranean clover varieties and rye grass (Merriman, 1985).

Milk churn located during the 1985 survey, 1985 author photo 

This area at the end of Somers Street below the cliff line has some of the best grazing land in Lawson and from the 1840s when the first settlers arrived in the area, was known as the Cow Pasture (Bratby and Stockton 1986). It was probably the site of a dairy from the 1880s when the local population began to increase following the arrival of the railway in 1867. The Mechanic’s Institute opened in 1896, and the town soon became a significant population centre in the Mid-Mountains between Springwood and Katoomba. Lawson was also the seat of local government for all of the Blue Mountains, apart from the Katoomba and Blackheath urban areas, from 1907 to 1947 (Bentley, 1986).

Aerial view in 1943 showing the dairy, shaft and cow pasture.
Photo courtesy SIX maps

Since the 19^th Century milk production in much of SE Australia has necessitated supplementary feeding of stock due to the low soil fertility and the short growing season (Atkinson 1826). There were many small dairies operating in the Blue Mountains in the early 20^th Century. They were often family run operations that may have employed two or three people and milked between ten and twenty cows. They delivered their own milk products and often sold from the dairy as well. There were as many as 20 small dairies operating in Katoomba in the 1920s-30s.

Geo. Whitte's dairy Katoomba 1912

Many of the guest houses of the period advertised the availability of fresh milk and local dairies were trusted suppliers. In 1946 Blackheath Council voted to oppose the introduction of the Milk board to regulate local dairies, not only due to the costs of meeting health regulations including pasteurisation, but “it was pointed out, in no uncertain manner, that the milk produced locally is far superior in quality to that imported into the area” (Blue Mountains Advertiser 1946). Blue Mountains Shire Council correspondence files record twelve dairies operating in Wentworth Falls in 1930 with two in Leura, four in Megalong, four in Mt Victoria and two in Mt Irvine (Local Studies files - Dairying) and see images.

The link between the shaft and dairy farming is confirmed by the minutes of Blue Mountains City Council’s Town Planning committee for 18 February 1970, which contains the following report from The Town Planner:

Proposed Historical Site, Lawson

Mr W Deverall of 70 Military Road, Dover Heights, has written to Council offering part of his land in Somers Street providing it is retained permanently as a historical site. His letter reads as follows:

“On portion of my property at Lawson there is, I think, one of the most historic mountain emblems.  It is not mythic but definitely this deep stone well has been hand-chiseled out by convicts.  I have studied this matter hard and after a good deal of research, I feel convinced this well has been used as an ensilage pit. At the bottom it has an opening enabling the contents to be drawn therefrom during the crossing of the Mountains or the making of the road.

This has become somewhat sacred to me and I would not like, at some future date for this historic emblem to be lost. If the Council should think the same as me about this matter, I would be pleased to dedicate this portion of my land to the Council to be kept in perpetuity.”

The ensilage pit was inspected by the Town Planning Committee in May, 1968, when the Lawson/Bullaburra Town Planning proposals were under consideration. It has not been possible to verify Mr Deverall’s statement that this is an ensilage pit but the Historical Society will be contacted before the Meeting to this end. It is considered that Council should accept Mr Deverall’s offer with a surround of approximately one acre as illustrated in the accompanying sketch No.D2357.

Map identifying the silo from the 1970 Council report

As well as confirming the stock feed hypothesis, this document gives us 1970 a possible date for the installation of the protective grill covering the top - Council would have been quick to recognise the safety issues presented by the open shaft. However the supposition that the shaft dates from the crossing of the Mountains cannot be supported. It is certainly true that a shortage of suitable stock feed was identified as a problem by early travellers; Blaxland’s 1813 journal of the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains records the explorers’ daily search for feed and water for the party’s horses.

Before we turn to a further source of evidence for dairying on the site, let us look at milk quality and how it was determined. In the early 20^th century there were two relatively simple tests for quality available in small dairies. One was a basic test of specific gravity using a lactometer to determine adulteration; this would reveal watering down of milk. The second was the Babcock test, invented in the 1890s, which was the first inexpensive and practical test that could measure the actual fat content of milk. A manual cream separator would be used to extract the cream that was either churned into butter or when combined with milk protein produces cheese, both were value added products for the dairy farmer or milk processor. The Babcock test was also utilized by farmers to selectively breed for cows producing milk of higher butter fat content.

Milk inspection records 1924 showing James Linton and
Miss McBriar among the Lawson dairies

Blue Mountains Shire Council rate records show that in 1914 the owner of Portion 22 was James Linton a saddler from Sydney who operated the Glen Dairy there until around 1922. Blue Mountains Shire Council milk inspectors records show butter fat testing was carried out at the dairy from 1915 to 1924 and fines of 20/- and 40/- were imposed for adulteration - another reason to use supplementary feeding to maintain milk quality. A Miss McBriar operated the dairy in the 1920s and in 1939 a Mrs Ross was operating the dairy after her husband deserted her (Bentley pers. Com.). In 1945 on the death of James Ross the property was left to the Sons of Temperance, Sydney. The dairy and residence existed until they were lost in the catastrophic December 1957 bushfires.

Dairy listing 1930

The capacity of the shaft may be calculated to be about 16 tonnes of grain or ensilage. Ensilage is made from pasture plants cut when green, which is compacted, sealed and allowed to ferment without air, forming a material similar to sauerkraut; cattle relish it once they get used to the taste (Woods 1883, Sutherland 1980). Grain may also have been delivered by cart or truck down Somers Street from the highway or railway to the top of the silo from where it could then be removed at the base as required for stock feeding. A full silo of grain would by my calculations feed a dozen cows for six months and so ensure security and continuity of milk production.

The economics of dairy farming easily demonstrate that supplementary feeding was a worthwhile investment to maintain production. A small dairy of 15-20 milking cows producing an average of two gallons (9 litres) each per day over two milkings, much less than today’s breeds, could return around £40.0.0 per week, before costs, based on milk prices of around 4 pence per pint. The weekly basic wage in the 1920s was around £4.5.0. In today’s values £40.0.0 is equivalent to over $2,500 based on the CPI from 1920 to 2015, not a bad living, but a hard one, (see note for calculations below). Ken Porter whose family operated a dairy in north Leura in the 1930s with a milking herd of 80 cows, recalled in an oral history interview for Blue Mountains Library in 2010, that his father would get up at 2.30 am to begin milking at 4.00 am, seven days a week and his grandfather would still be making deliveries at 9.00 pm, no wonder he would often fall asleep at the dinner table; Ken began helping with the milking at age six, with his two brothers, and would often not arrive at school until 11o’clock in the morning (Levido 2010).

The cow pasture below Somers St, remains of The Glen dairy on right, 2017 author photo

Supplementary feeding came into sharp focus during the 1890s when Australia was in a grip of widespread drought, known as the Federation Drought . Ensilage was promoted as a secure means of fodder conservation by the principal of the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, who toured rural areas delivered lectures on silos and ensilage for dairy farming (Sydney Morning Herald 1891). It is quite possible that this raised awareness and prompted the building of our silo.

There are other early examples of pit silos, including the seventeen grain storage silos located in the sandstone bedrock on Cockatoo Island, these date from the 1840s, and  have a small top entrance opening up to a cavity six metres deep and seven metres wide. Earth silage pits are found on dairy farms along the Nepean River at Castlereagh and may also date from as early as the 1840s (Godden et. al. 2008). The Somers Street shaft may be seen as part of an established tradition of on-farm fodder conservation and storage. Ensilage and chaff were also widely available from commercial suppliers (Maitland daily Mercury 1910) and may have been stored in the silo for protection from weather and vermin. Oats and barley were also grown locally for stock feed (Freemans’ Journal 1903).

Lawson guest house advertising pure local Jersey milk and cream, 1905

Based on average feeding rates of 3.5 kg of silage per day for a lactating Jersey cow weighing 450 kg and producing 13 litres of milk a day, a full silo containing 6 tonnes of fodder would provide continuous supplementary feeding for around a dozen cows for at least six months, and so ensure security and continuity of milk production. The limiting factor in milk production is actually water, with up to 4 litres of water required for every litre of milk produced (La Grange 2007). The nearest natural water source to the Glen dairy  is Cataract Creek a short distance away on the valley floor, in dry times water may have had to be carted and there may have been a well.

Beginning in the late 1860s there were camps of fettlers and navvies throughout the Blue Mountains as the railway line was pushed westwards from Penrith to Wentworth Falls by 1867 and over the Great Zigzag to Bowenfels by October 1869 – here were men used to cutting through rock and they were not in short supply.  In fact the labourers who worked on the Mountains line, with their families, contributed significantly to the growth and development of the towns along its route (Croft 1982).

Interior of the shaft showing pick marks, author photo, scale is 10 cm
2017 author photo

Construction of the shaft itself would have utilised traditional manual methods for road construction and rock cutting used throughout the Blue Mountains and elsewhere in the 19^th Century. The work was usually done by a two man team with one man holding a long, sharpened steel jumperbar that was struck by the hammer man and rotated a quarter turn after each blow. This resulted in a series of holes from about 40 cm to 80 cm deep, the weakened rock could then be broken away with chisels or wedges. In a hand boring contest attended by 1,000 people in August 1888, five teams competed and the winners achieved bore holes 33 cm deep in hard granite in less than seven minutes, at a striking rate of 91 hits per minute, this would need two hammer men striking successive blows on the jumper.

Interior view of the silo showing access tunnel, 2017 author photo

The rock face was then cleaned up with a pick axe swung alternately from right and left, this produces the familiar angled cuts seen on many of the local railway cuttings and in our shaft. The space needed to swing the pick also determined the minimum diameter of the shaft. Although black powder and dynamite were available and used in the bigger road and rail cuttings, (Convict Trail 2017), it is unlikely they were used in our shaft for fear of shattering the cliff face. There is some evidence of coarse sandy, rock spoil in crevices on the cliff top, but most is visible as a mound at the base of the cliff outside the lower entrance tunnel, see photo.

Exterior view showing access tunnel in relation to cliff face and
mound of spoil 1985, author photo

So to summarise, the shaft post-dates the convict period and was probably excavated by skilled rock cutters employed on the numerous railway gangs living and working in the area, during the railway construction period of the 1880s and early 1900s. It is further proposed that it was the need to maintain milk production, perhaps prompted by the severe drought of the period 1896-1902, that prompted the significant economic investment in providing supplementary fodder storage, either grain or ensilage and perhaps both, that is the origin what can now be identified as the rock silo in Somers Street, Lawson.

Ossie Smith's dairy Katoomba c. 1920

The Glen dairy below Somers Street with its associated silo was part of a wider picture of many small, township dairies in the Blue Mountains and elsewhere. Apart from using a cream separator and the Babcock tester, they showed little evidence of the technological changes that would transform the dairy industry in the 20th century, now Australia’s third largest agricultural industry with a gross value of over $4 billion annually.

The Mountains dairies continued to operate into the 1950s due to the demand for fresh milk by the local community that valued their local milk and wanted nothing to do with the so called ‘imported’ stuff. Before their eventual demise they were the last remnant, on a human scale, of a cultural adaptation that stretches back into prehistory and still survives in many rural and small scale societies in parts of Europe, Africa and Asia, where milch animals have included not only cows but sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, buffalo and reindeer.

Ossie Smith's milk cart c. 1920

The importance of milk was apparent from the beginning of European settlement 1788. When the First Fleet arrived at Sydney cove, it brought one bull, four cows and one calf. These animals were to supply milk to the new colony and to serve as foundation stock for future herds. There were many setbacks in the first year (poor soils and pastures being a major concern) and within the first four months of settlement the original herd had wandered off in search of better food. Seven years later the herd was found near the Nepean River, numbering 40 cows and 2 bulls. During those early years, famine, drought and a lack of farming experience meant that many of the initial shipments of dairy cattle were slaughtered for meat. After these initial difficulties, the herd increased from 200 cows in 1796, to 1,044 in 1800 and rapidly to 34,500 head by 1825, and went on to form the basis of the dairy industry as we know it. (ABS, 2004).

Full fat cow’s milk is recognised as a good source of nutrition for brain development and generations of school children have been nurtured on milk with clear health benefits (Adee et. al. 2017). The difference now is that most children will never know the warm, rich smells of a milch cow chewing her cud, or experience the drama of a busy dairy at sunrise. Milk products are now consumer items that come from supermarket cabinets via a supply chain. The standard of nutrition of most Western countries is now so high that cow’s milk is probably unnecessary in our diet (ibid.) and is just as likely to be enjoyed in a latte or a yogurt smoothie, yet in the not so distant past the village dairy formed an essential part of small town life.

Acknowledgements

Stan Bentley for personal conversations during the 1985 research, Stan was a member of Springwood Historical Society and as a young man worked in various Blue Mountains dairies; he supplied many of the personal details of the Lawson dairy operators.

The pioneering Blue Mountains archaeologist, Fr. Eugene Stockton first alerted me to the shaft and reported finding oat hulls in the interior; he has resided in Somers Street for many years and first explored the silo in the 1960s.  

Images from Blue Mountains Library Local Studies Collection and the author unless otherwise noted

Historical prices and modern values

Historic currency value calculator - https://www.measuringworth.com/australiacompare/ 

What is used to cost - http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/whatitcost/groceries

References and further reading

ABS - Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia, 2004. History of milk production in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B006A83A9127B0F5CA256DEA00053965?Open

Adee, Sally et. al. 2017. Milk, New Scientist No 3116, 11 March.

Atkinson, James 1826. An Account of the State of Agriculture and Grazing in New South Wales. Holborn, London, J. Cross.

Bentley, Stan 1986. Christmas Swamp, a history of Lawson. Springwood Historical Society.

The Blue Mountains Advertiser (Katoomba, NSW : 1940 - 1954) Blackheath Council To Oppose Milk Board (1946, April 12) , p. 6. Retrieved December 6, 2017, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article189904187

Blue Mountains Encyclopaedia1926 -7. Where to Stay and What to Do. Local Govt. Sydney, NSW Tourist Agency.

Blue Mountains Shire Council. Inspector’s Record of Inspections, 1915-1928. Lawson, Shire Chambers.

Bratby, D. (interviewer) and Stockton, J. (interviewee). 1984, February 18. Interview

with Julie Stockton by Diana Bratby [Audio file]. Speaking of the Past, Blue

Mountains Library. Retrieved from http://library.bmcc.nsw.gov.au

Convict Trail: Formation of the Great North Road -  http://greatnorthroad.com.au/about-the-trail/construction-of-the-road/formation-of-the-great-north-road . Accessed 28 November 2017.

Croft & Associates with Meredith Walker 1982. Blue Mountains Heritage Study – Final Report, for Blue Mountains City Council.

Fox, Brian 2009. One of Lawson’s Mysteries. Hobby’s Outreach vol. 20, no. 5 December 2008-January 2009. Wentworth Falls, Blue Mountains Historical Society.

Freeman’s Journal 1903. 'THE SETTLER', Freeman's Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1850 - 1932), 7 November, p. 12. , viewed 29 Nov 2017, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108253850

Godden McKay Logan 2008.  Archaeological Management Plan, Penrith Lakes Scheme - http://admin.penrithlakes.com.au/content/2015/03/Smith-Road-Archaeology-Handbook.pdf

Higginbotham E, and R Ian Jack, 1982. The Asgard Swamp Mine and Kiln near Mt Victoria, New South Wales: An Archaeological Report. Australian Archaeology No. 15 (Dec., 1982), pp. 54-66

Hughes Turnbull, Lucy 2008. The End of Transportation, Dictionary of Sydney.  https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_end_of_transportation

Karskens, Grace 1984. The Convict Road Station Site at Wisemans Ferry: an Historical and Archaeological

Investigation. Australian Historical Archaeology, 2, 1984.

La Grange, Robert et. al. 2007. Nutrition Management for Tasmanian Dairy Farmers. Department of Primary Industries & Water Tasmania.

Levido, Trish (interviewer) and Porter, Ken (interviewee) 2010. Leura Dairy 1930s, interview with Ken Porter by Trish Levido for Blue Mountains City Library.

Mackaness, George 1965. Fourteen journeys over the Blue Mountains of New South Wales: 1813-1841. Reprint ed. Sydney, Halstead Press.

Maitland Daily Mercury (NSW: 1894 - 1939), 1911 'AGRICULTURE.', 25 November, p. 5. , viewed 29 Nov 2017, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article121469500

Merriman, John 2014. From Linden Bluff to 20 Mile Hollow: the Western Road 1814-2014. In Eugene Stockton ed., This Tortuous Ridge, Linden to Lawson. Lawson, Blue Mountain Education and Research Trust. 

Merriman, John 1985. A rock silo in Somers Street, Lawson: an archaeological and historical investigation. Armidale, University of New England, Dept. of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology.

Nicholas, Stephen, ed. 1988.  Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past. Cambridge University Press.

Pearson, M 1990. The Lime Industry in Australia: an overview.  Australian Archaeology No. 8, 1990, pp. 28-35.

Somers Street, Lawson.  Pamphlet file, Blue Mountains City Library, Springwood.

Sutherland, JA 1980. Fodder Conservation in: Introduction to Agriculture. Sydney, McGraw-Hill.

Sydney Morning Herald 1891. COUNTRY NEWS, (NSW: 1842 - 1954), 26 August, p. 8. , viewed 29 Nov 2017, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13836498

Wikipedia. Federation Drought - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Drought  accessed 4 October 2017.

Wikipedia. Silage - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage accessed 4 October 2017.

Woods, Henry, 1883. Ensilage: its origin, history, and practice, a lecture. - https://archive.org/details/ensilageitsorig00woodgoog

Yeaman, John 1983, 2010 and 2014. Footsteps in time, a road across the mountains. http://www.nswlrs.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/211894/Footsteps_in_Time_2014.pdf Accessed 29 November 2017.

John Merriman, Local Studies Librarian, Blue Mountains City Library, 2017
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